TUGAS INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

A.     Background

Language is the tool of communication, we must realize that without language we are nothing,because we can not talk each other and share information. So imagine how can you live and understand each other? But language is also can create a big,even the biggest problem and missunderstanding in our live,because language is also set our mind and listener mind.

There are so many languages in the world which people used. Every country, every city, every villages use different language. One of language in the world is Bajawa language. Bajawa language is a language that is used by people in Bajawa. In Bajawa language as another language, also have language phenomenon such as phonology, morphology, semantics, and syntax. So , the writer will explain bajawa language about the phenomenon above generally, based on the folks story of Bajawa.  

WOLO WOGE

Pu’u medo, zele tolo roja ne’e go nua. Kena seleza, maa riwu kena one nua, dua masa we uma. Resi ko’e fine ga’e mori zua da ne’e ana nguza. Semori zae sa’o padhi zale, semori mena sa’o padhi mena. Fine ga’e  zale padhi zale ne’e go api da fara ge’a, fine ga’e mena padhi mena api, dhomi kazi bha’I nge gedho. Zale padhi zale dhano  moe kena. Fine ga’e mena padhi mena wuku ngede api fala zale. “ai, nge kabhe nga’o api so’o.” fine ga’e padhi zale walo gazi” dia ne’e api,dhomi kita bha’I nge gedho di, le moe dena si dia?”fine ga’e padhi mena walo”kau ku lako dia na, siba tungi ne’e go funu, pa’u dia eko lako, seroa ja’o gazi ku wado”. Moli kena hoga siba kabhe api le pa’u we eko lako. Ola nga nenga maru, masa riwu nuka moli ge teda sa’o, hoga bu’e zua siba waki si go ngo ngani hoga raba wi kabhe api dewe na sapo’i. pu’u waki na waki, masa riwu senua mu tawa hi hea. Ne’e ma de dhale hoe sa’I tuka kiki. Bha’I medo Ema Mewa naji. Tegu mu gugu, sile mu bhera. Nua dela hedho nea. Masa riwu kena paru ge ngia.

B.   Content

A.     Phonology

Phonetic transcription

Words	phonetic	Words	Phonetic
pu’u	puʔU	Tolo	tʰͻlO
Medo	mədʰo	Roja	rͻjɑ
Zele	zɛle	Ne’e	neʔɛ
Wolo	wͻlO	Go	gͻ
Hoge	hͻgɛ	Nua	nʊɑ
Dua	dʊa	Masa	mɑsɑ
We	wɛ	Uma	umɑ
Kabhe	kɑbhɛ	Nga’o	ɳɑʔO
Resi	rɛsI	Bha’i	bʰɑI
Ko’e	kͻʔE	Nge	ŋɛ
Fine	finɛ	Gedho	gɛdʰO
Gae	gɑʔɛ	Dhano	dʰɑnͻ
Mori	mOrI	Moe	moɛ
Zua	zʊɑ	Kena	kɛnɑ
Da	dɑ	Wuku	wʊkʊ
Ana	ɑnɑ	Ngede	ŋɛdɛ
Nguza	ŋuzɑ	Fala	fɑlɑ
Semori	sɛmori	So’o	sͻʔO
Zae	zɑɛ	Moe	mOə
Sa’o	sɑʔO	Dena	dɛnɑ
Padhi	pɑdʰI	Kau	kɑu
Zale	zɑlɛ	Eko	ɛko
Mena	mɛnɑ	Lako	lɑkO
Api	ɑpI	Seroa	sɛroɑ
Da	dɑ	Gazi	gɑzi
Fara	fɑrɑ	Hoga	hOgɑ
Ge’a	gɛʔɑ	Siba	sibɑ
Mena	mɛnɑ	Ngani	ŋɑni
Mu	mʊ	Pu’u	puʔʊ
Hemu	hɛmʊ	Riwu	riwu
Bu	bʊ	Sapo’i	sɑpͻI
Kazi	kɑzI	Hea	hɛɑ
Wi	wi	Dewa	dɛwɑ
La’a	lɑʔɑ	Naji	nɑji
Kabe	kɑbɛ	Tegu	təgʊ
Api	ɑpi	Gugu	gugu
Dhomi	dʰOmi	Sile	silɛ

II.         distribution of sounds

a.      Vowels

vowel	initial	Medial	final
U	+	+	+
ə	-	+	+
O	-	+	+
ɛ	-	+	+
ͻ	-	+	+
ʊ	-	+	+
A	+	+	+
E	-	+	+
I	-	+	+

b.      Consonants

consonants	initial	Medial	Final
D	+	+	-
P	+	+	-
M	+	+	-
Z	+	+	-
L	+	+	-
W	+	+	-
H	+	-	-
G	+	+	-
T	+	-	-
R	+	+	-
J	-	+	-
N	+	+	-
S	+	+	-
K	+	+	-
F	+	-	-
B	+	+	-
ʰ	-	+	-
Ŋ	+	-	-

III. Phonetics chart

a.      Vowels

Front              central                        back

High         I                                                  ʊ

                     i                                      u

Middle           e                                             O

                        ɛ                                        ͻ

Low                        a                                  

b.      Consonants

	glotal	velar	Palato alveolar	palatal	Post alveolar	alvoelar	labiodental	billabial
Plosive/stop	ʔ	k  g				t   d		p  b
Nasal		ŋ				N		m
Lateral					R
Fricative	h					s  z	f
Semivowel				j				w

III. Syllabification

Phonetic	Syllabification	Phonetic	syllabification
puʔU	Pu+ʔU	tʰͻlO	tʰͻ+lO
mədʰo	mə+dʰo	rͻjɑ	rͻ+jɑ
zɛle	zɛ+le	neʔɛ	Ne+ʔɛ
wͻlO	wͻ+lO	gͻ	gͻ
hͻgɛ	hͻ+gɛ	nʊɑ	nʊ+ɑ
dʊa	dʊ+a	mɑsɑ	mɑ+sɑ
wɛ	wɛ	umɑ	U+mɑ

Phonetics	syllabification	Phonetics	syllabification
rɛsI	rɛ+sI	bʰɑI	bʰɑ+I
kͻʔɛ	kͻ+ʔɛ	ŋɛ	ŋɛ
finɛ	Fi+nɛ	gɛdʰO	gɛ+dʰO
gɑʔɛ	gɑ+ʔɛ	dʰɑnͻ	dʰɑ+nͻ
mOrI	mO+rI	moɛ	mo+ɛ
zʊɑ	zʊ+ɑ	kɛnɑ	kɛ+nɑ
dɑ	dɑ	wʊkʊ	wʊ+kʊ
ɑnɑ	ɑ+nɑ	ŋɛdɛ	ŋɛ+dɛ
ŋuzɑ	ŋu+zɑ	fɑlɑ	fɑ+lɑ
sɛmori	sɛ+mo+ri	sͻʔO	sͻ+ʔO
zɑɛ	zɑ+ɛ	mOə	mO+ə
sɑʔO	sɑ+ʔO	dɛnɑ	dɛ+nɑ
pɑdʰI	pɑ+dʰI	kɑu	kɑ+u
zɑlɛ	zɑ+lɛ	ɛko	ɛ+ko
mɛnɑ	mɛ+nɑ	lɑkO	lɑ+kO
ɑpI	ɑ+pI	sɛroɑ	sɛ+ro+ɑ
dɑ	dɑ	gɑzi	gɑ+zi
fɑrɑ	fɑ+rɑ	hOgɑ	hO+gɑ
gɛʔɑ	gɛ+ʔɑ	sibɑ	Si+bɑ
mɛnɑ	mɛ+nɑ	ŋɑni	ŋɑ+ni
mʊ	mʊ	puʔʊ	pu+ʔʊ
hɛmʊ	hɛ+mʊ	Riwu	ri+wu
bʊ	bʊ	sɑpͻI	sɑ+pͻ+I
kɑZi	kɑ+zI	hɛɑ	hɛ+ɑ
Wi	Wi	dɛwɑ	dɛ+wɑ
lɑʔɑ	lɑ+ʔɑ	nɑji	nɑ+ji
kɑbɛ	kɑ+bɛ	təgʊ	tə+gʊ
ɑpi	ɑ+pi	Gugu	gu+gu
dʰOmi	dʰO+mi	silɛ	si+lɛ

II. morphology

a.       Pronoun

Subject pronoun	Meaning	Object pronoun	Meaning
Ja’o	I	Nga’o	Me
Kau	You	Gau	You
Kazi	He/she	Gazi	Him/her
Hoga	They	Hoga	Them

b.       Compound

There is a compound morpheme in the story. It is “ ana nguza” means “baby”. It forms by the words ”ana = kid” and “nguza=young”.

III. Semantics

a)      Figurative language

There is a figurative language in the story. It is “ tegu mu gugu, sile mu bhera”, which means in English is “thunder and lighting shouting over and over”, and in Indonesian means “ kilat dan Guntur bersahut-sahutan” .

b)      Homonym

There is a homonym in the story. It means there are two words which have different meaning but not in sound, it is “gazi” in the sentences “ fine ga’e padhi zale walo gazi” and “seroa ja’o gazi ku wado”. Gazi in the first sentence means “her”, but in the second sentence means “will”.

IV. Syntax

                        S

            NP                               VP

DET                 N         V_Intransitive                      AdvM

Masa    riwu    kena     paru    ge         ngia.

C.     CONCLUSION

Language phenomenon that the writer has explained above about phonology, morphology, semantics, and syntax based on the story of Bajawa language is the general phenomenon in every language.

Phonology which deals with the physiology involved in the production of speech sound and organizational principles that determines the patterns the speech sounds are subject to, but based on Oxford, phonology is a speech sounds of a particular language. In this language phenomena, explain about how sounds produces. So, based on the story above, the writer concludes that in Bajawa language, there are no have consonants in the end of word.

Morphology is concerned with the properties of words and word-building rules. In morphology, there are two phenomenons that happened in the story of Bajawa. They are pronoun and compound. Based on the Bajawa story, there are a few subject pronoun and object pronoun in bajawa language exactly in that story. Subject pronoun in that story are “Ja’o as I”, “Kau as You”, “Kazi as he/she”, “Hoga as them”, then object pronoun are “Nga’o as me”, ”Gau as You”, “Gazi as her/him”,” hoga as them”. Compound that is happened in that story is “ ana nguza” means “baby”. It forms by the words”ana = kid” and “nguza=young”.

Semantics is surveys the properties of meaning and denotation. As that explain above, there are figurative language and homonym that included in Semantics phenomenon also is happened in Bajawa language or in that story.

Syntax is presents a study of the structure of sentences and phrases. So, in Bajawa language or that story exactly can we analyze every words based on syntax, but the writer take one of sentences in the story that the writer analyze every words based on syntax.